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Flare 2005: How a Massive Solar Storm Could Have Affected Astronauts on the Moon
On January 20th, 2005, a massive solar storm erupted from the Sun, sending a stream of high-energy protons toward Earth and the Moon. The storm was triggered by an explosion of a giant sunspot named NOAA 720, which produced an X-class solar flare, the most powerful kind. The flare also hurled a billion-ton cloud of electrified gas (a coronal mass ejection) into space, which reached Earth 36 hours later and caused spectacular auroras in the night sky.
While Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field protected us from the harmful radiation, the Moon was totally exposed. If there had been any astronauts walking around on the lunar surface at that time, they would have been in serious trouble. According to NASA's radiation health officer Francis Cucinotta, they would have gotten sick from radiation poisoning, with symptoms such as vomiting, fatigue, and low blood counts. These symptoms might have persisted for days.
NASA is planning to return to the Moon in the coming years, not just with robots, but with people. Astronauts will be exploring, prospecting, and building habitats, greenhouses, and power stations on the lunar terrain. But how will they cope with the threat of solar storms NASA researchers are studying ways to shield them from radiation, such as using water or lunar soil as barriers. They are also developing systems to monitor solar activity and warn astronauts of incoming flares.
The flare of 2005 was one of the biggest in 15 years, but not unprecedented. In fact, solar physicists expect even stronger storms to occur in the future, as the Sun goes through its 11-year cycle of activity. The next peak is expected around 2012. By then, NASA hopes to have better tools and strategies to protect its lunar explorers from the fury of the Sun.
Sources:
Sickening Solar Flares Science Mission Directorate - NASA
NASA - Double Solar Flare - August 22, 2005
The acoustically active solar flare of 2005 January 15 - ResearchGate
Solar storms are not only a danger to astronauts, but also to technology on Earth and in orbit. The charged particles and electromagnetic waves from the Sun can interfere with satellites, power grids, communication networks, and navigation systems. In some cases, they can even damage or destroy them.
One of the most severe solar storms in history occurred in 1859, known as the Carrington Event. It caused telegraph wires to spark and catch fire, and auroras to be visible as far south as Cuba and Hawaii. If a similar event happened today, it could cause widespread blackouts, disrupt GPS signals, and disable satellites. Some experts estimate that the economic impact could be as high as $2 trillion.
To prevent such a catastrophe, scientists and engineers are working on ways to improve the resilience of technology to solar storms. They are also developing methods to forecast solar activity and alert operators of potential hazards. For example, NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) monitor the Sun's surface and atmosphere for signs of flares and CMEs. The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) of NOAA provides warnings and advisories to various sectors and agencies.
By understanding the nature and effects of solar storms, we can better prepare for them and minimize their impacts on our society and infrastructure.
Sources:
Sickening Solar Flares Science Mission Directorate - NASA
NASA - Double Solar Flare - August 22, 2005
The acoustically active solar flare of 2005 January 15 - ResearchGate
Why Solar Storms Could Be The Biggest Risks To Technology - Forbes ec8f644aee